I. Division, Mitosis, Binary Fission (Chapter 11)

    A. What Are the Functions of Cellular Reproduction? (Ch. 11, Sec.1. p.186-188)

    B. How Is DNA in Eukaryotic Cells Organized into Chromosomes? (Ch.11.Sec.2. p.188-191)

    C. What Are the Events of the Eukaryotic Cell Cycle? (Ch.11, Sec.3. p.191-194)

    D. What Are the Phases of Mitosis? (Ch.11, Sec. p.194-197)

    E. What Are the Events of cytokinesis? (Ch. 11, Sec. p. 197)

    F. What Are Some Advantages of Sexual Reproduction? (Ch.11, Sec.6. p.198-199)

    G. What Are the Events of Meiosis? (Ch. 11, Sec. 7. p.199-203)

    H. How Do Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction Produce Genetic Variability? (Ch.11, Sec. 8. p. 203-205)

    I. Comparison of Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division (Ch.11, Table 11-1. p. 204)

II. Patterns of Inheritance (Chapter 12)

    A. How Did Mendel Lay the Foundations for Modern Genetics? (Ch.12, Sec.1.p.212)

    B. How Are Single Traits Inherited? (Ch. 12, Sec. 2. p.213-216)

    C. How Are Multiple Traits on Different Chromosomes Inherited? (Ch. 12, Sec. 3. p.217-218)

    D. How Are Genes Located on the Same Chromosome Inherited? (Ch. 12, Sec. 4. p. 218-220)

    E. How Is Sex Determined, and How Are Sex-Linked Genes Inherited? (Ch. 12, Sec. 5. p. 220-222)

    F. What Are Some Variations on the Mendelian Theme? (Ch. 12, Sec. 6. p.222-6)

    G. How Are Human Genetic Disorders Investigated? (Ch. 12, Sec. 7. p.226-227)

    H. How Are Human Disorders Caused by Single Genes Inherited? (Ch.12, Sec.8 p. 227-230)

    I. How Do Errors in Chromosome Number Affect Humans? (Ch.12, Sec.9.p.230-4)

    J. Examples of Environmental Effects on Phenotype

    K. Prospects and Problems in Human Genetics: screening, counseling, prenatal diagnosing

Labs: slides mitosis and meiosis

Chromosome mapping

Genetics problems

BIO 121 Unit 5 Objectives: Chapters:11, 12 

Objectives Chapter 11 The Continuity of Life: Mitosis and Meiosis

1. Describe the cycle of life. Introduction of the overview of mitosis and meiosis.

2. Describe a prokaryotic chromosome and the process of binary fission.

3. Describe the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes. Differentiate sex chromosomes and autosomes.

4. Define: haploid, diploid, homologues (homologous chromosomes), alleles, gametes, zygote.

5. Identify the stages of the cell cycle. Draw, list and describe the principal events and the importance associated with each stage. Include: interphase: G1, S, G2; Go; mitosis; cytokinesis.

6. Describe the process, major events and significance of mitosis. Include: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Draw a diagram of a two chromosome cell undergoing mitosis. Be able to label representative diagrams.

7. Describe cytokinesis in animals and plants. Include: cleavage furrow, actin filaments, cell plate, middle lamella.

8. Explain cell cycle regulation including the two major interception points. Include: cyclin, cdc2, cdc25, prematurational promoting factor, MPF as internal factors; environmental conditions: cytokinines, chalones (colchicine), plant alkaloids.

11. List the advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction.

12. Compare mitosis and meiosis: occurrence, process, products.

2. Describe a brief history of Mendel. List four reasons why pea plants are ideal for studies on inheritable traits. List the seven traits of pea plants studied by Mendel.

3. Describe Mendel’s theory of segregation. Use a Punnett square and the laws of probability to predict the outcome of a monohybrid cross. Identify the ratio of dominant to recessive traits in the parental-P1, first filial-F1, second filial-F2 generations by genotype and phenotype.

4. Describe a test or back cross. List its primary function.

5. Define the law of independent assortment. Describe its limitations. Use a Punnet square and the laws of probability to predict the outcome of a dihybrid cross.

6. Certain genes appear to be linked. Discuss the distance between genes and their possible linkage group and how chromosome mapping is determined.

7. Define, predict outcomes for patterns of inheritance for incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles.

8. Describe polygenic inheritance, epistasis, pleiotrophy, modifying gene interactions.

9. Describe environmental effects on certain genes. Give example of dominance modification.

10. Define, predict outcomes of patterns of inheritance which are X-linked (dominant and recessive) and Y-linked (holandric), sex influenced. (Limited information in the text on X-linked. No information in text on Y-linked or sex influenced.)

11. Define how sex is determined in humans. Give examples of sex determination in other animals.

12. Revisit faulty chromosome production with description of chromosome structural changes: deletions, inversions, translocations, duplications; and chromosome number alterations. Describe some human disorders for each chromosome anomaly.

13. Identify the pattern of inheritance given a pedigree. List examples of human disorders which are: Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, Y-linked.

14. Discuss the implications of genetic screening, genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosing using amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling, in vitro fertilization. (Ch.13, Health watch. p.260-261)
 

Terms to be defined Unit Five

Cell Division

Binary fission

Clone

Gamete

Karyotype

Homologue (Homologous chromosome)

Sister chromatid

Diploid

Haploid

Autosome

Sex chromosome

Cell cycle

Mitosis

Meiosis

Differentiation

Spindle

Kinetochore

Centromere

Interphase

Gap One

Gap Two

Synthesis

Cytokinesis

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

Cell plate

Cleavage furrow

Chiasmata

Crossing over

Synapsis

Allele

Gene

Homozygous

Heterozygous

Dominant

Recessive

Hybrid

True-breeding

Fertilization-self and cross

Principle of Dominance

Law of Segregation

Law of Independent Assortment

Test or back cross

Complete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Codominance

Multiple Alleles

Polygenic

Pleiotrophy

Epistasis

Pedigree

Carrier

Nondisjunction