BIO 121 Unit 4: Outline: DNA, Protein Synthesis, Gene Expression and Regulation, Biotechnology
Audesirk, Audesirk, and Byers: 6th edition
I. DNA: The Molecule of Heredity (Chapter 9)
    A. How Did Scientists Discover that Genes Are Made of DNA? (Ch.9, Sec. 1. p.149-151)

    B. What is the Structure of DNA? (Ch. 9, Sec. 2. p.151-154)

    C. Scientific Inquiry: The Discovery of the Double Helix (Ch.9, p.154-155)

    D. How Does DNA Replication Ensure Genetic Constancy? (Ch.9, Sec. 2. p.154-8)

    E. How is DNA in Eukaryotic Cells Organized into Chromosomes? (Ch.11, Sec. 2. p.188-190)

    F. Expanded DNA Information (not in text)

                    1. Forms of DNA: B and Z

                    2. Repetitive DNA

                    3. Introns (Intervening DNA sequences) and Exons (Ch.10, p.179)

II. Gene Expression and Regulation (Protein Synthesis) (Chapter 10)

    A. How Are Genes and Proteins Related? (Ch. 10, Sec. 1. p.164-167)

    B. How Is Information in a Gene Transcribed into RNA? (Ch. 10, Sec.2. p.167-170)

    C. How Is the Sequence of a mRNA Molecule Translated into Protein? (Ch. 10, Sec. 3. p.170-174)

    D. How Do Mutations in DNA Affect the Function of Genes?(Ch.10,Sec.4. p.174-5)

    E. How Are Genes Regulated? (Ch. 10, Sec.5. p.175-180)

                    1. Gene Control in Prokaryotic Cells - Operon (not in text)

                    2. Gene Control in Eukaryotic Cells (Ch.10, Sec. 5. p.175-180)

                        a. A Closer Look: Introns, Exons, and Splicing (Ch.10, p.179)

    F. Cancer (Ch. 31, p. 637-638 and augmentation in class)

III. Biotechnology (Chapter 13)

    A. What is Biotechnology? (Ch. 13, Sec. p.244-

    B. How Does DNA Recombination Occur in Nature? (Ch.13, Sec. 2. p.244-246)

    C. How Does DNA Recombination Occur in Genetic Engineering Laboratories? Ch.13, Sec. 3. p.246-247)

    D. How Can Researchers Identify Specific Genes? (Ch.13, Sec. 4. p.248-249)

    E. What are Some Applications of Biotechnology? (Ch.13, Sec. 5. p.249-255)

                    1. DNA Fingerprinting (Ch.13, p.256-257)

    F. What are Some Medical Uses of Biotechnology? (Ch.13, Sec.6. p.255-259)

    G. What are Some Ethical Implications of Biotechnology? (Ch.13,Sec.7.p.259-262)

    H. Health Watch: Prenatal Genetic Screening (Ch.13, p.260-261)

Labs:Protein Synthesis,

Recombinant DNA in Ecoli

Exercise: Write a two page opinion paper related to the ethical implications of genetic engineering, gene therapy and government intervention/regulation. Support your opinion with some of the information you have learned from this unit of study.

BIO 121 Unit 4 Objectives: Chapters 9 and 10 and 13

Objectives Chapter 9DNA Structure and Function 

1. Discuss the evidence that DNA is the genetic material. Explain the work of Griffith, Avery, Hershey and Chase.

2. Describe the evidence that lead to the determination of DNA structure. Explain the work of Chargoff, Franklin, Watson and Crick.

3. Describe the structure of DNA.

4. Discuss semiconservative replication. List the enzymes involved including polymerase, ligase, helicase. Be familiar with the terms: template strands, replication forks.

5. Discuss the experiments of Meselson and Stahl related to support for semiconservative replication.

6. Compare the organization of DNA in chromosomes of prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells Include terms: histones, nucleosomes, scaffolding proteins, chromosomes. (Prokaryotic: 22.2; Eukaryotic: 9.4)

Objectives Chapter 10Gene Expression and Regulation including Protein Synthesis 

1. Describe the concept behind the "One Gene-One Enzyme (or polypeptide)" hypothesis. Explain the work of Garrod, Beadle and Tatum, Pauling and Itano.

2. Outline the mechanism by which a gene is transcribed to yield mRNA and the mechanism by which mRNA is translated to yield a specific protein.

3. Review the structure and function of mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, DNA.

4. Discuss the genetic code and its characteristics. Explain why the code is universal, degenerate, redundant. List and define the start and stop codons. Define anticodon.

5. In detail, describe transcription.

6. In detail, describe translation. Include terms: initiation, elongation, termination, releasing factor.

7. Compare and contrast the structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA.

8. Compare the process of translation in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

9. Define and describe the importance and types of mutations: gene mutation vs chromosomal mutation. Define types of mutations: point, frame-shift, deletion, insertion, inversion, translocation. 

10. Overview of gene control. Why cells do not express all their genes all of the time.

11. Describe how regulated genes in bacteria are organized into operons.

12. Describe the components of an inducible operon, like the lactose operon. Explain the functions of the operator and promoter regions.

13. Discuss the differences in regulation between the repressible operon, such as the tryptophan, and the inducible operon, such as the lactose. Explain why some genes are inducible or repressible.

14. List some characteristics of eukaryotic genes. Define: enhancers, intron, exon, transposon, repetitive DNA. Explain why multiple copies of some eukaryotic genes are required.

15. Discuss pre and posttranscriptional and pre and posttranslational methods of regulation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

16. Define and describe: cancer, the characteristics of cancer cells, oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, carcinogen, benign, malignant, metastasis. Explain some cancer treatment alternatives including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation and how the body is affected.

Objectives Chapter 13Biotechnology

1. Define: biotechnology, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA(rDNA), transgenic, plasmid, complimentary DNA (cDNA).

2. List the goals of genetic engineering.

3. List and describe three ways in which DNA recombination occurs naturally.

4. Review the universality of the genetic code. Describe how restriction enzymes cut DNA molecules. Define restriction fragments.

5. Outline steps involved in creating rDNA. Include: vector, plasmid, virus, restriction enzyme, endonuclease, DNA ligase, transformation, DNA library.

6. Explain DNA sequencing procedures, DNA probes and hybridization, RFLP- restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

7. Explain amplification processes: cloning, polymerase chain reaction.

8. Explain DNA fingerprinting its uses and limitations.

9. List some of the products of genetic engineering.

10. Discuss some problems encountered in using E. coli to produce proteins from eukaryotic cells. Discuss the use of transgenic plants and animals. List positive and negative implications for their use.

11. Describe the "Human Genome Project." List positive and negative implications.

12. Describe human gene therapy, its uses and limitations. Give examples.

Terms to be defined Unit Four

DNA

Chromosome

Chromatin

Semiconservative replication

Helicase

Polymerase

Ligase

Mutation

Histone

Gene

Genetic Code

Polypeptide

RNA

Transcription

Translation

Codon

Anticodon

Promoter

Template

Initiation

Elongation

Translocation

Termination

Intron

Exon

Biotechnology

Genetic engineering

Recombinant DNA

Genomic DNA

Complimentary DNA

Transgenic

Plasmid

Restriction Enzyme (endonuclease)

Vector

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms

DNA probe

Polymerase chain reaction

DNA fingerprinting

Gene Therapy

Amniocentesis

Chorionic Villus Sampling

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